Welcome to Cosmetic Surgery articles category.

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The difference between plastic surgery and cosmetic surgery is that plastic surgery is carried out to repair or restore skin and tissue from birth upwards (congenital) or caused by injury or disease. When plastic surgery is carried out for aesthetic reasons it is known as cosmetic surgery.

Cosmetic plastic surgery

There are many reasons why someone may carry out cosmetic surgery and these include the removal of birthmarks, moles, tattoos, warts, breasts enlargements, nose reshaping (rhinoplasty). There is actually a host of more reasons why plastic surgery may be carried out. In the case the patient has asked for a part of their body to be changed, this is known as elective surgery.

Previously cosmetic surgery was only for people who needed the treatment for congenital reasons. Over the last few years it is evident there has been a major increase in the amount of people choosing to have cosmetic surgery for beauty reasons. The trend appears to have been started by a few well known celebrities. Today, there are various television shows shadowing people who have chosen to have cosmetic surgery. This surgery does require a number of very complicated procedures. Prior to carrying out any such surgery it is therefore very important that you are totally committed to the need for that type of reconstruction.

Hands lift is a variation of cosmetic surgery. The idea behind this type of surgery is to remove tell tale signs of ageing, such as wrinkles and transform thing arms into healthy looking hands.

To qualify for surgery

Within the UK, if you are intending on carry out cosmetic surgery, you need to meet specific criteria as outlined by your local health authority. Within the UK, the as the health service is funded by the tax payer, the NHS will cannot pay for surgery for cosmetic reasons alone. Although if cosmetic surgery is needed to improve or correct congenital conditions, such operations are generally carried out free of charge.

The use of lasers for cosmetic surgery or any other procedure used to be the stuff of science fiction and James Bond movies, but today their have their place alongside scalpels in cosmetic surgery. While lasers can be used as surgical instruments that cause less bleeding, their most common cosmetic surgery use is in laser resurfacing.

Laser facial resurfacing is a type of cosmetic surgery that is noninvasive, takes only a short amount of time, and can be done on an outpatient basis. The laser is used to vaporize superficial layers of skin on the face in order to treat damaged skin. Cosmetic laser surgery can be used to minimize scars, soften lines and wrinkles, normalize uneven pigmentation, and remove spider veins. Cosmetic surgery can also use a laser to remove benign and precancerous growths.

Surgeons performing cosmetic laser surgery to reduce acne scars first noticed that wrinkles surrounding those scars diminished significantly. A bonus side effect of laser resurfacing seems to be that collagen (the key protein in connective tissues that keep skin smooth) regenerates. The breakdown of collagen due to aging, sun damage, smoking and other factors causes wrinkles, and the formation of new collagen gives the skin back some of its youthful texture.

Laser cosmetic surgery poses fewer risks than invasive surgery, but is not risk-free. Some people lose pigmentation unevenly as a result, and others experience scarring. While serious side effects are rare, laser resurfacing is still cosmetic surgery, and should be considered with the same seriousness one would take when considering other forms of cosmetic surgery.

What are the Facial Lifts of Cosmetic Surgery?

The various lifts of the face can restore the effects of aging.

A facelift can improve many areas: sagging, loose tissues of the mid-face, deep folds of loose skin at the sides of the nose and mouth, jowls or loss of definition of the jaw line, and excess fat or loose skin causing loss of definition and “hanging” of the tissues in the neck area. A facelift is a great cosmetic and plastic surgery procedure. Dr. David Metzner performs the facelift procedure in his New location in Manchester, Vermont.
It is crucial for you to discuss your areas of concern during a consultation and the physician can demonstrate the degree of correction you may be able to achieve in each area.

A facelift does not stop the clock. It simply “resets” it. How long a facelift lasts depends on many factors including the inherent characteristics of your tissues. Also, people tend to age in “spurts” (look at Presidents before and after serving). If you are in, or entering, an aging cycle, your facelift will not last as long as someone who is not in such a cycle.

You’ll notice some loosening within a few months following a facelift, but you may never regain the degree of your original aged appearance. On average, patients may request a less extensive tightening procedure in 7-10 years to maintain the best possible appearance.

A forehead lift corrects the sagging or low position of the eyebrows. It also softens creases across the forehead and frown lines between the brows. The result is a more relaxed and refreshed appearance. Tiny incisions are hidden within the hair, and no scalp or hair is removed.

Eyelid surgery removes the excess fat and wrinkled, droopy skin of the upper eyelids. It also eliminates bags under the eyes and tightens the lower eyelid skin. Eyelid surgery helps to eliminate the appearance of being constantly tired, resulting in a more youthful and rested appearance. Eyelid Surgery is expertley performed by Dr. David Metzner in Manchester, Vermont.

The Neck Lift (Platysmaplasty) is a family of treatments that can address problems with the fat, muscle and skin of your neck and jaw line. Is your neck overly full and out of proportion with your face? Have you lost weight only to find sagging skin in your neck? A Neck Lift can help correct a fleshy neck, “jowls”, plastysma or neck “banding”, or that “turkey waddle”.

If, however, the skin of the neck is loose, hanging, or crepey, even if there is excess fat, liposuction alone will not produce the desired result. A full Neck Lift may be used to address problems with slack skin, slack neck muscles, or both. Most patients over 40 will require some surgical skin tightening. Each person will have very different requirements for improving the appearance of their neck.

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Today, here, and around the world, many people have considered having Cosmetic Surgery, or Plastic Surgery performed. Many more have had plastic surgery done, some with multiple procedures. Plastic Surgery, by definition, is a broad term for operative manual and instrumental treatment which is performed for functional or aesthetic reasons. Medical treatment for Facial injuries dates back over 4,000 years. The word “plastic” is a derivative of the Greek word plastikos meaning to mould or shape; however, contrary to common belief, the term “plastic surgery” is not related to modern plastics at all.

Cosmetic Surgery was first known to have been performed in Roman times. The Romans had the ability to perform simple procedures such as repairing damaged ears, in modern times referred to as Otoplasty, this is one of the most simple of procedures. One report discusses a patient getting his earlobes repaired after years of wearing heavy earrings. The excess lobes were trimmed and the hole sewn together. One of the more expensive plastic surgeries performed at the time, the removal of branding and scars, was a commonly executed procedure. Freed slaves paid a high price indeed for this type of surgery. It was felt that this common practice reduced the stigma of having been a slave in this ancient times.

In ancient India physicians were able to use skin graft reconstruction techniques as early as 800 B.C. From ancient times to the early nineteenth century, we find a living tradition of plastic operations of the nose, ear and lip. The Kangra (correctly pronounced as ‘Kangada’) district in Himachal Pradesh was most famous for its plastic surgeons. Some scholars are of the opinion that the word ‘Kangada’ is made from ‘Kana + gadha’ (ear repair). The British archaeologist Sir Alexander Cunningham (1814-93) had written about the tradition of Kangra plastic surgery procedures. We also have information that in the reign of Akber ,a Vaidya named Bidha used to carry out plastic operations in Kangra.

The Charaka-Sanhita and the Sushruta-Sanhita are among the oldest known manuscripts on Ayurveda (the Indian science of medicine). Chronologically speaking, the Charaka-Sanhita is believed to be the earliest work, and deals with medicine proper and containing a few passages on surgery. The Sushruta-Sanhita, a work of the early centuries of the Christian era, mainly deals with surgical knowledge rather than medicine. The extant Sushruta-Sanhita is, according to its commentator Dalhanacharya (of twelth century AD), a amendment by Nagarjuna. The original Sushruta-Sanhita was based on a series of lectures between Kashiraj Divodas (or Dhanvantari) and his disciples, Sushruta and others.

In 15th Century Europe, a man by the name of Heinrich von Pfolspeundt , a German physician and a member of the Teutonic Order of Knights was one of the first known Europeans to have performed cosmetic surgery. Dr. Pfolspeundt was one of the first doctors of the late medieval and early Renaissance period to take medical practices beyond the very crude conditions that had existed through much of the Middle Ages. During his time, a good number of German physicians, especially those in Strasbourg, helped to serve the advancement of the study of medicine. Dr. Pfolspeundt described a procedure to make a new nose for a person who lacks one. He stated that by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it into place a new nose could be created.

From Italy we have records that would indicate that in the year 1442, Branca, a surgeon of Catania in Sicily, carried out plastic surgery of the nose, Also known as rhinoplasty, using a skin flap from the face. This procedure was very similar to the one described in the Sushruta-Sanhita, an Ayurvedic compendium composed in the early centuries of the Christian era. His son Antonio continued his work and was the first known to use a skin flap from the arm for reconstructing the nose. The Boinias family carried on with his work. The plastic operations carried out by the Boinia brothers are described in a book published in 1568 by Fioravanti, a doctor of Bologna, Italy.

At the hands of Gasparo Tagliacozzi (1546-99), a professor of surgery and of anatomy at the Bologna University, that plastic surgery attained wide fame in Europe. His book De curtorum chirurgia per insitionem (The surgery of defects by implantation), printed in 1597, was the first scientific composition on plastic surgery. Tagliacozzi had described a method of substitution of the nose by skin from the arm and of replacement of the ears and lips, demonstrating his work throughout his manuscript by way of a large number of illustrations.

The Church dignitaries of the time regarded cosmetic surgery as an interference in the affairs of the Almighty. After his death they not only excommunicated Tagliacozzi, but also had his corpse exhumed from its church grave, and placed it in unconsecrated ground. The great Voltaire (1694-1778) wrote a satirical poem on Tagliacozzi and his operation on the nose, using flap from the buttocks.

However, due to the many dangers of surgery in those times, cosmetic surgery was rarely performed until around the 1900’s. The United States first plastic surgeon was Dr. John Peter Mettauer, born in Virginia in 1787, who in 1827 performed the first cleft palate surgery on record with instruments he himself designed.

There are two very broad fields of aesthetic surgery, Cosmetic Surgery and Reconstructive Surgery. Reconstructive surgery, including microsurgery, focuses on undoing or masking the destructive effects of trauma, previous surgery or disease. Examples of such operations are the rebuilding of amputated or damaged arms or legs; repairing cleft palates or lips, badly formed noses, and ears; and reconstructing a breast after mastectomy. Reconstructive surgery may include moving tissue from other parts of the body to the affected area.

Cosmetic surgery however, is an elective surgery, usually done more for aesthetic reasons rather than to repair an injured area. In many cases, however, there are medical reasons for having some procedures done, such as breast reduction (for back pain relief) and Mastopexy (also known as a “breast lift). Cosmetic Surgery includes, but is not limited to, Abdominoplasty, or “tummy tuck”, Blepharoplasty, or “eyelid surgery”, Augmentation Mammaplasty, or “breast enlargement”, and Rhytidectomy, or “face lift”.

There are many more procedures not listed here that are commonly performed as well. The top five surgical procedures in 2004 Liposuction (325,000), nose reshaping (305,000), breast augmentation (264,000), eyelid surgery (233,000), and facelift (114,000).

As you can see, Plastic Surgery has a longstanding history across the ages. It has helped not only in the reconstructive plastic surgery field but also has allowed people to feel more comfortable with their bodies and more confident about themselves.

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What should I know about Los Angles cosmetic surgery? Los Angeles, sometimes called LA LA land or the City of Angels. It is certainly known for movie stars and beautiful people. Los Angeles cosmetic surgery also makes a name for itself because of the number done in the area. What, though, is Los Angeles cosmetic surgery all about?

A common Los Angles cosmetic surgery is the abdominoplasty, or tummy tuck as it is commonly called. It is a procedure that is used to flatten the abdomen. The procedure involves removing fat and skin from the abdominal wall. Side effects include pain, numbness, swelling, and bruising. The recovery time is about 2 to 4 weeks.

The Los Angles cosmetic surgery that is perhaps the best known is the augmentation mammaplasty. Yes, breast enlargement. This particular procedure is one that enhances the size of breasts by the use of saline filled implants. There are risks of soreness, swelling, and change in nipple sensation. However, recovery to where you can return to work is only a few days. Scars will fade in several months.

A Los Angles cosmetic surgery for the wrinkle phobic is the chemical peel. Chemical peels use a chemical solution to peel off the top layers of the skin to restore wrinkled or blemished skin to a more youthful look. The possible side effects are throbbing, swelling, and redness. However, the recovery is somewhat long. The new skin forms in two to three weeks, but complete healing takes about 6 months.

Yet another popular Los Angles cosmetic surgery is fat or collagen injections. The idea of these injections is to plump creased or sunken skin on the face as well as perhaps add fullness to the back of the hands. Side effects are stinging, throbbing, or a burning sensation. Some visible irritation is generally visible as well initially. There is no real recovery time, but results will last only a few months up to a year.

The Los Angles cosmetic surgery that is a classic is the facelift. Facelifts are for improving sagging skin on the face by removing fat and tightening up the muscles. Patients may experience some bruising, swelling, numbness in the face, and tenderness as well. Recovery generally takes about 2 to 3 weeks, but exposure to the sun has to be very limited for several months.

Some may not think of it as a Los Angles cosmetic surgery, but hair replacement surgery certainly is. It is a procedure where balding areas are filled by using your own hair. Patients may be achy after the procedure with a tight scalp. It may even look unnatural initially. You can be back to work in a few days, but it can be a year and a half before it looks the best it’s going to.

Los Angles cosmetic surgery is hot business. It is a beautiful people city that prides itself on trend setting and looks. You don’t think all of those movie stars and pretty people you see on the street and at the beach got those looks on their own did you? Of course not, Los Angles cosmetic surgery is big business in one of this country’s biggest cities.

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Today, here, and around the world, many people have considered having Cosmetic Surgery, or Plastic Surgery performed. Many more have had plastic surgery done, some with multiple procedures. Plastic Surgery, by definition, is a broad term for operative manual and instrumental treatment which is performed for functional or aesthetic reasons. Medical treatment for Facial injuries dates back over 4,000 years. The word “plastic” is a derivative of the Greek word plastikos meaning to mould or shape; however, contrary to common belief, the term “plastic surgery” is not related to modern plastics at all.

Cosmetic Surgery was first known to have been performed in Roman times. The Romans had the ability to perform simple procedures such as repairing damaged ears, in modern times referred to as Otoplasty, this is one of the most simple of procedures. One report discusses a patient getting his earlobes repaired after years of wearing heavy earrings. The excess lobes were trimmed and the hole sewn together. One of the more expensive plastic surgeries performed at the time, the removal of branding and scars, was a commonly executed procedure. Freed slaves paid a high price indeed for this type of surgery. It was felt that this common practice reduced the stigma of having been a slave in this ancient times.

In ancient India physicians were able to use skin graft reconstruction techniques as early as 800 B.C. From ancient times to the early nineteenth century, we find a living tradition of plastic operations of the nose, ear and lip. The Kangra (correctly pronounced as ‘Kangada’) district in Himachal Pradesh was most famous for its plastic surgeons. Some scholars are of the opinion that the word ‘Kangada’ is made from ‘Kana + gadha’ (ear repair). The British archaeologist Sir Alexander Cunningham (1814-93) had written about the tradition of Kangra plastic surgery procedures. We also have information that in the reign of Akber ,a Vaidya named Bidha used to carry out plastic operations in Kangra.

The Charaka-Sanhita and the Sushruta-Sanhita are among the oldest known manuscripts on Ayurveda (the Indian science of medicine). Chronologically speaking, the Charaka-Sanhita is believed to be the earliest work, and deals with medicine proper and containing a few passages on surgery. The Sushruta-Sanhita, a work of the early centuries of the Christian era, mainly deals with surgical knowledge rather than medicine. The extant Sushruta-Sanhita is, according to its commentator Dalhanacharya (of twelth century AD), a amendment by Nagarjuna. The original Sushruta-Sanhita was based on a series of lectures between Kashiraj Divodas (or Dhanvantari) and his disciples, Sushruta and others.

In 15th Century Europe, a man by the name of Heinrich von Pfolspeundt , a German physician and a member of the Teutonic Order of Knights was one of the first known Europeans to have performed cosmetic surgery. Dr. Pfolspeundt was one of the first doctors of the late medieval and early Renaissance period to take medical practices beyond the very crude conditions that had existed through much of the Middle Ages. During his time, a good number of German physicians, especially those in Strasbourg, helped to serve the advancement of the study of medicine. Dr. Pfolspeundt described a procedure to make a new nose for a person who lacks one. He stated that by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it into place a new nose could be created.

From Italy we have records that would indicate that in the year 1442, Branca, a surgeon of Catania in Sicily, carried out plastic surgery of the nose, Also known as rhinoplasty, using a skin flap from the face. This procedure was very similar to the one described in the Sushruta-Sanhita, an Ayurvedic compendium composed in the early centuries of the Christian era. His son Antonio continued his work and was the first known to use a skin flap from the arm for reconstructing the nose. The Boinias family carried on with his work. The plastic operations carried out by the Boinia brothers are described in a book published in 1568 by Fioravanti, a doctor of Bologna, Italy.

At the hands of Gasparo Tagliacozzi (1546-99), a professor of surgery and of anatomy at the Bologna University, that plastic surgery attained wide fame in Europe. His book De curtorum chirurgia per insitionem (The surgery of defects by implantation), printed in 1597, was the first scientific composition on plastic surgery. Tagliacozzi had described a method of substitution of the nose by skin from the arm and of replacement of the ears and lips, demonstrating his work throughout his manuscript by way of a large number of illustrations.

The Church dignitaries of the time regarded cosmetic surgery as an interference in the affairs of the Almighty. After his death they not only excommunicated Tagliacozzi, but also had his corpse exhumed from its church grave, and placed it in unconsecrated ground. The great Voltaire (1694-1778) wrote a satirical poem on Tagliacozzi and his operation on the nose, using flap from the buttocks.

However, due to the many dangers of surgery in those times, cosmetic surgery was rarely performed until around the 1900’s. The United States first plastic surgeon was Dr. John Peter Mettauer, born in Virginia in 1787, who in 1827 performed the first cleft palate surgery on record with instruments he himself designed.

There are two very broad fields of aesthetic surgery, Cosmetic Surgery and Reconstructive Surgery. Reconstructive surgery, including microsurgery, focuses on undoing or masking the destructive effects of trauma, previous surgery or disease. Examples of such operations are the rebuilding of amputated or damaged arms or legs; repairing cleft palates or lips, badly formed noses, and ears; and reconstructing a breast after mastectomy. Reconstructive surgery may include moving tissue from other parts of the body to the affected area.

Cosmetic surgery however, is an elective surgery, usually done more for aesthetic reasons rather than to repair an injured area. In many cases, however, there are medical reasons for having some procedures done, such as breast reduction (for back pain relief) and Mastopexy (also known as a “breast lift). Cosmetic Surgery includes, but is not limited to, Abdominoplasty, or “tummy tuck”, Blepharoplasty, or “eyelid surgery”, Augmentation Mammaplasty, or “breast enlargement”, and Rhytidectomy, or “face lift”.

There are many more procedures not listed here that are commonly performed as well. The top five surgical procedures in 2004 Liposuction (325,000), nose reshaping (305,000), breast augmentation (264,000), eyelid surgery (233,000), and facelift (114,000).

As you can see, Plastic Surgery has a longstanding history across the ages. It has helped not only in the reconstructive plastic surgery field but also has allowed people to feel more comfortable with their bodies and more confident about themselves.

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If you used to think that cosmetic surgery was only for the rich and famous, you have probably already noticed that today nearly everyone can take advantage of some of the techniques available. Even some teenagers are going “under the knife” to get the look they want, whether it be a nose job, or breast implants. But, is all of this excitement really worth it? Are you going to get results that will really change your life and your looks for the better? Before you undergo any type of cosmetic surgery, there are some questions you will need to ask of yourself and your potential surgeon to make sure this decision is right for you.

1. What are your reasons for wanting the surgery? If you have an unsightly scar or birthmark, it may be something very obvious. But, if you just want to change your looks to appear younger or to enhance one of your features, which may be more of a personal preference. Either reason may be a worthwhile motivation to get cosmetic surgery, but you must still keep in mind that surgery is surgery and is a very serious decision. Surgery is not a “cure-all” for any self-esteem issues you may be having, it is just one part.

2. Who is your surgeon? Did you know that to perform cosmetic surgery you do not technically have to have any specialized training? Once you have graduated from medical school you can practice any type of medicine-including cosmetic surgery. However, your surgeon can be certified by the Board of Medical Examiners and also by national organizations which have strict guidelines about training and qualifications. Any surgeon you choose should be well-qualified and experienced in your type of surgery.

3. Are you aware of the risks? From one to four percent of people who have cosmetic surgery experience difficulties of one kind or another. These can be simply a problem with symmetry, or as serious as an infection, too much skin being removed, or even death. Some people are opting to head south of the border to Mexico and other locations for low-cost cosmetic surgery, only to find less than ideal operating conditions and doctors who are not adequately trained. Serious complications can result-so just as you would check out your surgeon here, check out your surgeon anywhere-maybe even more carefully.

4. Are there reasons you should not have cosmetic surgery? If you are suffering from self-esteem issues, and all of your self-worth is based on your outward appearance, you may not find the answers you are looking for with cosmetic surgery. Beauty truly is only “skin deep.” There are limitations to the results that you will get with surgery. Your surgeon should be very honest with you about what you can reasonably expect. Look inside yourself to find what your motivations are an where your sense of self-worth is coming from.

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Breast enhancement, or augmentation mamoplasty, is a cosmetic surgery performed to enhance the size and shape of breasts. The chief objective in doing so is to increase the person’s sex appeal.

Breast enhancement has been in the center of controversy for three decades. It is supposed to be a risky procedure, causing certain disorders in the anatomy of the person, and the debate is whether it is prudent to gamble with health for the sake of obtaining that elusive hourglass figure. That notwithstanding, it is the second-most common prosthetic procedure, and in the year 2003 itself there had been 280,401 breast implants in the US alone.

Though the debate over breast implants is a fairly contemporary phenomenon, the surgery itself is not that modern. Historical evidences show that Japanese women used to inject silicones directly into their breasts during the World War II.

Before the discovery of silicone as an implant material, other materials such as paraffin were used for breast implants. Thomas Cronin and Frank Gerow, two plastic surgeons from Houston, were the first to develop silicone as a transplant material with the Dow Corning Corporation in 1961 and the first transplant was done on a woman in 1962.

One of the chief objections in this cosmetic prosthesis is the use of silicone gel, which has been restricted as an implant material by the Food and Drug Administration in the US. Breast implants have been suspected of causing autoimmune disease, however there is no documentation to validate this fact. Known hazards of breast augmentation are asymmetry, visibility, palpability, rupture, deflation, infection, scarring, and hardening of the capsule of the implant.

The strongest objection against breast implants comes from feminist groups who view it as a subjugation of women to men to pander to their sexual desires. It is not unknown of starlets and media women who undergo such surgeries to boost their careers; and in the process, giving vent to the allocution that it is a man’s world.

visit for more information @ medical & health

Breast enhancement, or augmentation mamoplasty, is a cosmetic surgery performed to enhance the size and shape of breasts. The chief objective in doing so is to increase the person’s sex appeal.

Breast enhancement has been in the center of controversy for three decades. It is supposed to be a risky procedure, causing certain disorders in the anatomy of the person, and the debate is whether it is prudent to gamble with health for the sake of obtaining that elusive hourglass figure. That notwithstanding, it is the second-most common prosthetic procedure, and in the year 2003 itself there had been 280,401 breast implants in the US alone.

Though the debate over breast implants is a fairly contemporary phenomenon, the surgery itself is not that modern. Historical evidences show that Japanese women used to inject silicones directly into their breasts during the World War II.

Before the discovery of silicone as an implant material, other materials such as paraffin were used for breast implants. Thomas Cronin and Frank Gerow, two plastic surgeons from Houston, were the first to develop silicone as a transplant material with the Dow Corning Corporation in 1961 and the first transplant was done on a woman in 1962.

One of the chief objections in this cosmetic prosthesis is the use of silicone gel, which has been restricted as an implant material by the Food and Drug Administration in the US. Breast implants have been suspected of causing autoimmune disease, however there is no documentation to validate this fact. Known hazards of breast augmentation are asymmetry, visibility, palpability, rupture, deflation, infection, scarring, and hardening of the capsule of the implant.

The strongest objection against breast implants comes from feminist groups who view it as a subjugation of women to men to pander to their sexual desires. It is not unknown of starlets and media women who undergo such surgeries to boost their careers; and in the process, giving vent to the allocution that it is a man’s world.

visit for more information @ medical & health

Breast enhancement, or augmentation mamoplasty, is a cosmetic surgery performed to enhance the size and shape of breasts. The chief objective in doing so is to increase the person’s sex appeal.

Breast enhancement has been in the center of controversy for three decades. It is supposed to be a risky procedure, causing certain disorders in the anatomy of the person, and the debate is whether it is prudent to gamble with health for the sake of obtaining that elusive hourglass figure. That notwithstanding, it is the second-most common prosthetic procedure, and in the year 2003 itself there had been 280,401 breast implants in the US alone.

Though the debate over breast implants is a fairly contemporary phenomenon, the surgery itself is not that modern. Historical evidences show that Japanese women used to inject silicones directly into their breasts during the World War II.

Before the discovery of silicone as an implant material, other materials such as paraffin were used for breast implants. Thomas Cronin and Frank Gerow, two plastic surgeons from Houston, were the first to develop silicone as a transplant material with the Dow Corning Corporation in 1961 and the first transplant was done on a woman in 1962.

One of the chief objections in this cosmetic prosthesis is the use of silicone gel, which has been restricted as an implant material by the Food and Drug Administration in the US. Breast implants have been suspected of causing autoimmune disease, however there is no documentation to validate this fact. Known hazards of breast augmentation are asymmetry, visibility, palpability, rupture, deflation, infection, scarring, and hardening of the capsule of the implant.

The strongest objection against breast implants comes from feminist groups who view it as a subjugation of women to men to pander to their sexual desires. It is not unknown of starlets and media women who undergo such surgeries to boost their careers; and in the process, giving vent to the allocution that it is a man’s world.

visit for more information @ medical & health